Diagnosis and Treatment

The diagnosis of cancer covers a breadth of activity, from presentation or identification of signs and symptoms, to confirmation (or elimination) of a cancer diagnosis. For those with cancer, their family and whanau, the definitive diagnosis of cancer is the beginning of a journey, the duration of which can extend from months, to years, to a lifetime. Of prime importance is the timeliness of diagnosis. An excessive delay between the presentation or identification of initial symptoms and the definitive diagnosis can have a significant psychological effect on those with cancer, their family and whanau. This, along with a further delay to definitive treatment, can have an impact on the likely effectiveness of treatment.



Because cancer treatments are continually improving, many people are living longer with the disease. For them, cancer is now regarded as a chronic, or long-term, disease for which treatment (which includes a wide range of therapies) may be complex. At one time treatment was sequential: patients were referred to a specialist, usually a surgeon, and then to other cancer specialists for treatment. Now treatment includes combined modalities, with input from more than one discipline. In addition, many patients seek complementary and alternative therapies outside the medical system. Support, rehabilitation and/or palliative care, which are essential in meeting the total needs of those with cancer, their family and whanau throughout the cancer journey, are an integral part of treatment. 



Cancer diagnosis, treatment and care involve a wide range of providers. Of particular importance is the primary-care provider, especially because cancer is increasingly being treated in community settings. The need for a more integrated approach to treatment and care, with the patient as the focus, is recognised as critical for those with cancer, their families and whanau.